Nail disorders associated with cast immobilization of the forearm and wrist: report of two cases and review of the literature

Abstract Cast immobilization is used in the management of various injuries of joints and/or limbs. A variety of nail disorders have been reported in association with cast immobilization of the forearm and wrist among a limited number of patients so far. The mechanism was not clearly identified in some of these cases. Here, the authors report two patients with nail disorders appeared after the removal of immobilization cast of forearm and wrist and review the literature.

Onicomadesis asociada a la enfermedad de boca, mano, pie / Onychomadesis associated to mouth, hand, and foot disease

Introducción: la onicomadesis es el desprendimiento completo y espontáneo de la uña desde su extremo proximal, sin dolor o inflamación, consecutivo a la detención mitótica de la matriz ungular que conlleva a un cambio de su función. Objetivo: describir una serie de casos de onicomadesis atendidos en la consulta de Dermatología del Hospital Pediátrico Docente del Cerro, entre noviembre y diciembre del año 2017, después de presentar un cuadro clínico compatible con enfermedad boca, mano, pie, con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento de esta patema. Presentación de los casos: las edades estuvieron comprendidas en un rango entre 1 y 12 años, con solo 3 pacientes correspondientes al sexo masculino y solo uno con el color de la piel negra. Los días previos al padecimiento de la enfermedad boca, mano, pie se enmarcan entre 15 y 47 días de haber tenido los síntomas que indujeron al diagnóstico del citado morbo. El estudio virológico se efectuó en dos pacientes con presencia del Coxsackie A6. La evolución resultó satisfactoria en todos los casos. Conclusiones: los hallazgos, en general, coinciden con los mencionados en la literatura. Todos los pacientes presentaron semanas anteriores signos y síntomas compatibles con enfermedad boca, mano, pie. Es necesario orientar a los padres de los enfermos con este morbo, la posibilidad de la ocurrencia de onicomadesis como complicación, cuyo tratamiento es sintomático, seguido de buen pronóstico, para evitar la ansiedad familiar y los gastos de recursos innecesarios(AU)

Introduction: onychomadesis is the total and spontaneous detachment of the nail from its proximal end, without pain or inflammation, and following the mitotic halting of the nail matrix that leads to a change in its function. Objective: to describe a series of cases of onychomadesis attended in the Dermatology clinic of the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro, in the period of November to December of 2017, after presenting clinical manifestations compatible with mouth, hand, and foot disease, and in order to contribute to the knowledge of this pathology. Presentation of cases: ages were among 1 and 12 years old, with only 3 patients corresponding to the male sex and only one with black skin. The days before presenting symptoms of mouth, hand, and foot disease were between 15 and 47 days after having the symptoms that led to the diagnosis of the aforementioned disease. The virological study was carried out in two patients with the presence of Coxsackie A6. The evolution was satisfactory in all cases. Conclusions: in general the findings coincide with those mentioned in the literature. All patients presented previous signs and symptoms compatible with mouth, hand, and foot disease in the previous weeks. It is necessary to guide the parents of patients with this disease on the possibility of the onychomadesis occurrence as a complication, whose treatment is symptomatic, followed by a good prognosis to avoid family anxiety and the expense of unnecessary resources(AU)

Onicomadesis secundaria a enfermedad pie-mano-boca: una manifestación frecuente y motivo de preocupación de los padres / Onychomadesis secondary to hand-foot-mouth disease: a frequent manifestation and cause of concern for parents

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las alteraciones ungueales en niños provocan gran ansiedad en los padres y múltiples consultas en su mayoría innecesarias. La onicomadesis corresponde al despegamiento completo e indoloro de la lámina ungueal desde el pliegue proximal. Este hallazgo ungueal autoresolutivo se ha descrito como una complicación tardía de la enfermedad pie-mano-boca, exantema viral frecuente en la edad pediátrica. OBJETIVO: Reportar un caso pediátrico clásico de enfermedad pie-mano-boca que evolucionó con onicomadesis y revisión de la literatura. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente masculino de 3 años de edad, con cuadro agudo de microampollas eritematosas, peribucales en un comienzo, luego brazos y manos, glúteos, muslo y pies, asintomático y sin compromiso del estado general. Se reali za diagnóstico clínico de enfermedad pie-mano-boca. Evoluciona con resolución total de lesiones cutáneas , pero al mes, desprendimiento completo de uñas, las que se recuperan con posterioridad. CONCLUSIÓN: El reconocimiento de la asociación entre enfermedad pie-mano-boca con onicomadesis nos permite orientar a los padres sobre un fenómeno benigno y transitorio que puede ocurrir como parte de la evolución de esta virosis, evitando así la ansiedad, derivación y tratamientos innecesarios.

INTRODUCTION: Nail alterations in children are an important cause of parent anxiety and derive in multiple and unnecessary consultations. The onychomadesis corresponds to the complete and pain less detachment of the nail plate from the proximal fold. This self-resolving nail finding has been described as a late complication of hand-foot-mouth disease, a frequent viral exanthema in the pedia tric age. OBJECTIVE: To describe a classic pediatric case of hand-foot-mouth disease with subsequent onychomadesis. CLINICAL CASE: A 3-years-old male patient with an acute presentation of acute erythe matous perioral papulovesicles, which extend to upper extremities and hands, buttocks, thighs and feet, asymptomatic, and without compromising general condition. Skin lesions resolve completely, but after one month, he develops detachment of the nails, with subsequent complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of this association will allow primary care physicians to guide the parents about a benign and self-resolving process that may occur as part of the evolution of hand-foot-mouth disease, thus avoiding unnecessary anxiety, referral and treatments.

Comparative microscopic analysis of nail clippings from patients with cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The nail involvement in psoriasis is related to psoriatic arthritis and may represent a predictor of the disease. OBJECTIVES: To analyze, through nail clipping, clinically normal and dystrophic nails of patients with cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional multicenter study, conducted between August 2011 and March 2012. Patients were divided into four groups: patients with cutaneous psoriasis and onychodystrophy, patients with cutaneous psoriasis and clinically normal nails, patients with psoriatic arthritis and onychodystrophy and patients with psoriatic arthritis and clinically normal nails. We calculated NAPSI (Nail Psoriasis Severity Index) of the nail with more clinically noticeable change. After collection and preparation of the nail clipping, the following microscopic parameters were evaluated: thickness of the nail plate and subungual region, presence or absence of parakeratosis, serous lakes, blood, and fungi. RESULTS: There were more layers of parakeratosis (p=0.001) and a greater thickness of the subungual region in patients with cutaneous psoriasis and onychodystrophy (p=0.002). Serous lakes were also more present in the same group (p=0.008) and in patients with psoriatic arthritis and normal nails (p=0.047). The other microscopic parameters showed no significant difference between normal and dystrophic nails or between patients with psoriatic arthritis or cutaneous psoriasis. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and use of medications. CONCLUSIONS: Nail clipping is a simple and quick method to assess the nails of patients with nail psoriasis although does not demonstrate difference between those with joint changes or exclusively cutaneous psoriasis.

Onychomycosis: A study of self-recognition by patients and quality of life.

Background: Onychomycosis accounts for approximately half of all nail disorders and is usually asymptomatic. Objectives: To evaluate patients’ recognition of fungal nail disease, concomitant fungal skin diseases, complications, and quality of life. Methods: Patients from the fungal nail clinic were enrolled between May 2011 and April 2012. Patients’ awareness of diseased nails was evaluated and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was used to evaluate the impact of dermatologic disease on quality of life. Results: A total of 110 patients with onychomycosis were enrolled in the study, of which 64 (58.2%) were female and the mean age was 60.8 years. The number of patients who were able to recognize the presence of onychomycosis was 71 (64.5%), while 32 (29.1%) and 7 (6.4%) were diagnosed by a dermatologist and other physicians, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that patient recognition of the disease was signifi cantly associated with female sex and young age. The mean DLQI score was 3.6. Limitation: Patient recall bias including the duration of fungal nail infection, long-term past history and previous treatment was a limitation of this study that affected DLQI scores. Conclusion: About half of onychomycosis patients, especially elderly males, could not recognize the disease by themselves. It is important for physicians to educate patients with risk factors for onychomycosis to recognize this condition early to prevent concomitant infection and complications, and to improve patients’ well-being.

Onicomadesis asociada a la enfermedad de boca, mano y pie / Onychomadesis associated with mouth, hand and foot disease

La onicomadesis es el desprendimiento completo y espontáneo de la uña desde su extremo proximal, sin dolor o inflamación, consecutivo a la detención de la función de la matriz ungular. Es rara en los niños y puede afectar las uñas de las manos o de los pies. Puede ser secundaria a enfermedades sistémicas, enfermedad de Kawasaki, dermatosis ampollares, fármacos, paroniquia, estrés y radioterapia. Desde el año 2000, la enfermedad de boca, mano y pie (EBMP) se ha descrito como causa de onicomadesis y ha ocasionado brotes epidémicos en distintas regiones del mundo. La EBMP es una infección caracterizada por una estomatitis vesicular y erosiva asociada a una erupción vesicular palmoplantar. Afecta a los niños pequeños en verano y otoño, y es causada por el virus coxsackie. Presentamos un estudio que muestra la situación actual de la onicomadesis en niños de la Argentina, con una fuerte asociación entre esta alteración y EBMP previa, siendo, probablemente, una nueva manifestación de una enfermedad ya conocida.

Onychomadesis is the spontaneous, complete shedding of the nail from its proximal side, without pain or inflammation, following nail matrix arrest. This disorder is uncommon in children and it can occur in fingernails, toenails or both. It may be secondary to systemic disorders, Kawasaki disease, bullous dermatoses, drugs, paronychia, stress and radiotherapy. Since 2000, Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) has been described as a cause of onychomadesis, and has been associated with outbreaks of this condition in different regions of the world. HFMD is an infection characterized by vesicular and erosive stomatitis in combination with a vesicular eruption in palms and soles. It occurs in small children during summer and autumn months, and it is caused by coxsackie virus. We present a study that reflects the current situation of onychomadesis in Argentinian children and shows a strong association between this disorder and HFMD, suggesting that onychomadesis is a new manifestation of a previously known disease.

Patología ungueal no micótica en pediatría / Non mycotic ungueal pathology in pediatrics

Nail alterations in children are a very frequent cause for consultation in primary care, pediatrics and dermatology. Its exact prevalence is unknown. Some of them are identical to those in adults, but there are some whose frequency is much higher in children, because they arise or develop exclusively in that period of life. Although some ungueal changes are considered isolated anomalies that have only cosmetic relevance, others might be diagnostic clues of associated diseases; they may be disabling and have a prognostic value for adult life. For that reason, good knowledge and proper management of them by specialists is fundamental. This report describes main alterations that may be observed in the ungueal apparatus during childhood, due to physiological alterations and congenital or acquired disease.

Las alteraciones ungueales en los niños representan un motivo de consulta frecuente en atención primaria, pediatría y dermatología. Su prevalencia exacta se desconoce. Algunas alteraciones son idénticas a las de los adultos, pero existen otras que se observan con mayor frecuencia en niños ya que se presentan o desarrollan exclusivamente en esta etapa de la vida. Aunque algunos cambios ungueales sean considerados como anomalías aisladas de importancia sólo cosmética, otros pueden ser claves diagnósticas para enfermedades asociadas, pueden ser discapacitantes y pueden tener importancia pronostica en la vida adulta. Por esto un adecuado reconocimiento y manejo por parte del especialista es fundamental. En este artículo se describen las principales alteraciones fisiológicas y enfermedades congénitas o adquiridas que se pueden observar en el aparato ungueal durante la infancia.

Candida dubliniensis: a rare cause of nail infection

Candida dubliniensis is a newly described fungal opportunistic pathogen that is closely related phylogenetically to C. albicans. It is mostly isolated from patients with immunodeficiency and few cases develop quick resistance to routine treatment and delay in result outcome. Here we report a case of 21-year-old healthy female who presented clinically with onychomycosis of the toe nail resistant to terbinafine and fluconazole

Alterações ungueais nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em hemodiálise / Nail disorders in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis

FUNDAMENTOS: A insuficiência renal crônica atinge quase todos os sistemas do organismo, inclusive pele e anexos. As alterações ungueais mais observadas nos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica são: unhas meio a meio, ausência de lúnula e hemorragia em estilhas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o espectro e a frequência de alterações ungueais nos pacientes com IRC, submetidos à hemodiálise (HD), e compará-los com uma amostra pareada da população geral. MÉTODOS: Realizado um estudo caso- controle, pareado por gênero e idade, onde 2 grupos foram estudados com relação às alterações ungueais presentes. RESULTADOS: 86 por cento dos pacientes em HD e 75 por cento do grupo controle tiveram, pelo menos, uma alteração ungueal.Ausência de lúnula (62,9 por cento) e unha meio a meio (14,4 por cento) as alterações foram estatisticamente relevantes no grupo HD, em relação ao grupo controle (p < 0,05 por cento). Estrias longitudinais foram mais comuns nos controles em relação ao grupo HD (24,1 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Ausência de lúnula e unha meio a meio as alterações ungueais foram mais encontradas nos pacientes em HD, corroborando com achados relatados, em estudos anteriores. Estrias longitudinais foram mais observadas no grupo controle e estudos posteriores poderão elucidar se alterações estruturais, tal qual a ausência de lúnula, poderiam relacionar-se a este achado.

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure affects almost all the systems of the body, including the skin and appendages. The nail disorders most commonly found in patients with chronic renal failure are half and half nails, absent lunula and splinter hemorrhages. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the spectrum and the frequency of nail disorders in patients with chronic renal failure submitted to hemodialysis and compare them with a paired sample from the general population. METHODS: A case-controlled study paired for gender and age was conducted in which nail disorders were investigated in the two groups. RESULTS: At least one nail disorder was found in 86 percent of the hemodialysis patients and in 75 percent of subjects in the control group. Absent lunula (62.9 percent) and half and half nails (14.4 percent) were more common in the hemodialysis group compared to the control group and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Longitudinal striae were more common in the control group compared to the hemodialysis group (24.1 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Absent lunula and half and half nails were the most common nail disorders found in patients on hemodialysis, corroborating the findings of previous studies. Longitudinal striae were more common in the control group and future studies may clarify whether structural abnormalities such as absent lunula may be related to this finding.

Melanoníquia: importância da avaliação dermatoscópica e da observação da matriz / leito ungueal / Melanonychia: the importance of dermatoscopic examination and of nail matrix / bed observation

Melanoníquia, do grego mélaina, negro, sombrio, resulta de uma deposição aumentada de melanina na lâmina ungueal originada a partir da matriz ungueal. Apresenta diversas causas, entre elas, o melanoma subungueal, por isso, seu diagnóstico etiológico torna-se essencial, devendo ser o mais precoce possível. Os autores apresentam dois pacientes com melanoníquias de natureza distinta e enfatizam o seu diagnóstico diferencial.

Melanonychia, from the Greek mélaina, means black and is the result of an increased deposition of melanin on the nail plate, originating in the nail matrix. It may have different causes, including subungueal melanoma, making early etiologic diagnosis very important.

Tratamento de disfunções ungueais com órteses / Treatment of nail disorders using orthesis

Neste artigo abordaremos causas comuns de afecções ungueais que causam dor: a hipercurvatura transversa da unha (HT) e a onicocriptose.A primeira tem como etiologia principal o fator hereditário e deformidades dos artelhos, enquanto a segunda também pode estar associada à má poda das unhas e uso inadequado de calçados.Tanto a HT quanto a onicocriptose podem advir de disfunções na biomecânica da marcha. Uma HT pode evoluir para onicocriptose e por isso seus tratamentos muitas vezes são semelhantes, tanto cirúrgica quanto conservadoramente.Dentre os tratamentos, este artigo enfoca o conservador, particularmente a aplicação de órteses ungueais, suas indicações e eficácia.

Fragilidad ungueal, cómo interpretarla y tratarla / Ungual fragility

Cada vez más, las uñas están llamadas a ser protagonistas; la onicología es un área fundamental en Dermatología que estudia el desarrollo y patologías de las uñas, unas veces propias y otras el reflejo de enfermedades de órganos internos.El desorden conocido como uñas frágiles (Lat fragilis: quebradizo, que se rompe con facilidad) es uno de los que con mayor frecuencia afectan a este anexo cutáneo queratinizado, motivando la consulta al dermatólogo, quien debe valorar este trastorno de la unidad ungueal como elemento diagnóstico de enfermedades locales o sistémicas.

There is no doubt that nails are bound to be protagonists. Onychology is a key dermatological field that studies the development of nails and their pathologies; sometimes these pathologies are specific, and sometimes the reflection of internal organ diseases. Fragile nails (Latin fragilis: weak, easily broken) is one of the most frequent disorders that affects these keratinized cutaneous attachments and leads to consult the dermatologist, who should evaluate this disorder of the ungual unit as a diagnostic element for local and systemic diseases.

Cutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure (CRF) presents with an array of cutaneous manifestations. Newer changes are being described since the advent of hemodialysis, which prolongs the life expectancy, giving time for these changes to manifest. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dermatologic problems among patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: One hundred patients with CRF on hemodialysis were examined for cutaneous changes. RESULTS: Eighty-two per cent patients complained of some skin problem. However, on examination, all patients had at least one skin lesion attributable to CRF. The most prevalent finding was xerosis (79%), followed by pallor (60%), pruritus (53%) and cutaneous pigmentation (43%). Other cutaneous manifestations included Kyrle's disease (21%); fungal (30%), bacterial (13%) and viral (12%) infections; uremic frost (3%); purpura (9%); gynecomastia (1%); and dermatitis (2%). The nail changes included half and half nail (21%), koilonychia (18%), onychomycosis (19%), subungual hyperkeratosis (12%), onycholysis (10%), splinter hemorrhages (5%), Mees' lines (7%), Muehrcke's lines (5%) and Beau's lines (2%). Hair changes included sparse body hair (30%), sparse scalp hair (11%) and brittle and lusterless hair (16%). Oral changes included macroglossia with teeth markings (35%), xerostomia (31%), ulcerative stomatitis (29%), angular cheilitis (12%) and uremic breath (8%). Some rare manifestations of CRF like uremic frost, gynecomastia and pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: CRF is associated with a complex array of cutaneous manifestations caused either by the disease or by treatment. The commonest are xerosis and pruritus and the early recognition of cutaneous signs can relieve suffering and decrease morbidity.

Sospecha de patologías sistémicas a través de alteraciones ungueales / Suspicion of systemic diseases through nails abnormalities

Nails are protective, thin, horny growth at the end of fingers and toes. Abnormalities of the fingernails and toenails can provide both subtle and obvious clues to common medical problems or severe systemic diseases. Inheritance, minor injuries, common habits, the use of cosmetics and a variety of infections account for many changes in the appearance of nails. Awareness of normal nail variants, abnormalities and their disease associations will be beneficial to detect systemic diseases.

Nail changes and disorders among the elderly.

Nail disorders are frequent among the geriatric population. This is due in part to the impaired circulation and in particular, susceptibility of the senile nail to fungal infections, faulty biomechanics, neoplasms, concurrent dermatological or systemic diseases, and related treatments. With aging, the rate of growth, color, contour, surface, thickness, chemical composition and histology of the nail unit change. Age associated disorders include brittle nails, trachyonychia, onychauxis, pachyonychia, onychogryphosis, onychophosis, onychoclavus, onychocryptosis, onycholysis, infections, infestations, splinter hemorrhages, subungual hematoma, subungual exostosis and malignancies. Awareness of the symptoms, signs and treatment options for these changes and disorders will enable us to assess and manage the conditions involving the nails of this large and growing segment of the population in a better way.